Safekipedia

Sukhothai script

Adapted from Wikipedia · Adventurer experience

A chart showing the development of the Thai alphabet over time.

The Sukhothai script is an old way of writing. It started in the Sukhothai Kingdom. People also call it the proto-Thai script or the Ram Khamhaeng alphabet. This script was used for important messages long ago.

One famous example is on the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription. It is also found on another important writing called the Lö Thai inscription. The Sukhothai script is a type of Brahmic script. This means it is related to other writing systems used in parts of Asia.

History

The Sukhothai script came from a relaxed, flowing style of the Khmer script. Experts think it was created around the late 1200s by King Ramkhamhaeng the Great. It was first seen on an important stone writing called the Ram Khamhaeng stele.

The evolution of the Sukhothai script into the modern Thai script.

From Sukhothai, this writing style spread to nearby areas like Lan Chang, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya. Over time, it changed a little but stayed very similar. In the south, it became the modern Thai script. In the north, it turned into the Fakkham script, which had longer, pointier letters.

Characteristics

The Sukhothai script was written from left to right. It did not use spaces between words, capital letters, or punctuation marks at the end of sentences. This script included 39 symbols for consonant sounds.

The Sukhothai script made some new changes compared to the Khmer script it came from. It added new letters to represent sounds that the Khmer script did not have. These new letters were created by changing the shapes of existing letters. One big change was that the Sukhothai script was the first in the world to use special marks to show different tones in words. It also allowed consonant sounds to be written together on the same line instead of stacking them.

Consonants

Digraphs

Numerals

Below are the numerals of the Sukhothai script, which are thought to have come from the Khmer numerals.

Vowels

The script wrote marks for vowel sounds on the same line, but this way of doing things did not last long. By the fifteenth century, new signs for vowels were added to the script. Vowels that were once assumed to be part of the consonant symbols were later written with their own special signs.

Diacritics

Consonants
ก [k]ข [kʰ]ฃ [x]ค [g]ฅ [ɣ]ฆ [g]ง [ŋ]
จ [tɕ]ฉ [tɕʰ]ช [dʑ]ซ [z~ʑ]ฌ [tɕʰ] does not existญ [ɲ]
ฎ [ʔd]ฏ [t]ฐ [tʰ]ฑ [d] does not existฒ [tʰ] does not existณ [n]
ด [ʔd]ต [t]ถ [tʰ]ท [d]ธ [d]น [n]
บ [ʔb]ป [p]ผ [pʰ]ฝ [f]พ [b]ฟ [v]ภ [b]ม [m]
ย [j]ร [r]ล [l]ว [w]ศ [s]ษ [s]ส [s]ห [h]
ฬ [l] does not existอ [ʔ]ฮ [h] does not exist
Digraphs
หง [ŋ̊]หญ [ɲ̊]หน [n̥]หม [m̥]
หย [j̊]หร [r̥]หล [l̥]หว [w̥]
อย [ʔj]
Numbers

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
Independent Vowel
Independent VowelIPAModern EquivalentSample Syllable
sara i
สระอิ
[i]อิอิก
sara ee (i)
สระอี
[iː]อีอีก
sara eu (ue)
สระอึ/สระอือ
[ɯ(ː)]อึ, อืออืก
Dependent Vowel
Dependent VowelIPAModern Equivalent ExampleSample Open SyllableSample Closed Syllable
sara a
สระอะ
[a]กะกะกัน
sara ah (a)
สระอา
[aː]กากากาน
sara i
สระอิ
[i]กิกิกิน
sara ee (i)
สระอี
[iː]กีกีกีน
sara eu (ue)
สระอึ/สระอือ
[ɯ(ː)]กึ, กือกือกืน
sara u
สระอุ
[u]กุกุกุน
sara oo (u)
สระอู
[uː]กูกูกูน
sara e
สระเอะ/สระเอ
[e(ː)]เกะ, เกเกเกน
sara aeh (ae)
สระแอะ
[ɛ]แกะแกะ
sara ae
สระแอ
[ɛː]แกแกแกน
sara o
สระโอะ/สระโอ
[o(ː)]โกะ, โกโกโกน
sara ai
สระไอ
[aj]ไกไก
sara aeu (aue)
สระใอ
[aɯ]ใกใก
sara aw (o)
สระออ
[ɔː]กอกอกอน
sara oe
สระเออ
[ɤː]เกอเกอเกิน
sara ia
สระเอีย
[ia]เกียเกืยเกืยน
sara eua (uea)
สระเอือ
[ɯa]เกือเกือเกือน
sara ua
สระอัว
[ua]กัวกัวกวน
sara am
สระอำ
[am]กำกำ
DiacriticsFunctionModern EquivalentExample
denotes the start of a text๏ กูกำ
denotes the croaky tone
denotes the breathy tone

Sample Text

ma˩ : low tone

ma  : mid tone

ma˥ : high tone

Sukhothai ScriptModern Thai TranscribedIPA SukhothaiMeaning
พ่กูชื่สรีอีนทราทีตยแม่กูชื่นางเสือง
พี่กูชื่บานเมืองตูพี่น้องท้องดยว
ห้าคนผู้ชายสามผู้ญิงโสงพี่เผือ
ผู้อ้ายตายจากเผือตยมแฏ่ญงงเลก
bɔː˩ kuː dʑɯː˩ siː.ʔiːn.draː.diːt
mɛː˩ kuː dʑɯː˩ naːŋ sɯaŋ
biː˩ kuː dʑɯː˩ baːn.mɯaŋ
tuː biː˩ nɔːŋ˥ dɔːŋ˥ ʔdiaw haː˥ gɔn
pʰuː˥.dʑaːj saːm pʰuː˥.ɲiŋ soːŋ
biː˩ pʰɯa pʰuː˥.ʔaːj˥ taːj tɕaːk
pʰɯa tiam tɛː˩ ɲaŋ lek
My father's name is Sri Indraditya,
My mother's name is lady Sueang.
My older brother's name is Ban Mueang.
We are five siblings from the same womb.
three boys and two girls.
Our eldest brother passed away.
when we were young.... [text continues]
Modern Thai Approximate Pronunciation and Transliteration
บ่อ กู จื่อ ซีอีนดราดีต แหม่ กู จื่อ นางเซือง บี่ กู จื่อ บานเมือง ตู บี่ น่อง ด้อง เดียว ห้า กอน ผู้จาย ซาม ผู้ญิง โซง บี่ เบือ ผู้อ้าย ตาย จาก เพือ เตียม แต่ ญัง เล็ก
bo ku jue Si-Indradit mae ku jue Nang Sueang bi ku jue Ban Mueang tu bi nong dong diao ha gon phujai sam phunying song bi phuea phu-ai tai chak phuea tiam tae nyang lek

Images

An ancient stone inscription from 1292 CE, showing the earliest known use of the Thai alphabet, created by King Ramkhamhaeng.
The Ramkhamhaeng inscription is the oldest known example of the Thai alphabet, dating back to 1292 CE.

Related articles

This article is a child-friendly adaptation of the Wikipedia article on Sukhothai script, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Images from Wikimedia Commons. Tap any image to view credits and license.