Research stations in Antarctica

Many countries have built research stations in Antarctica. These stations stay in one place because they are built on solid rock or thick ice.

Countries with research stations in Antarctica. Countries with permanent stations (orange), countries with summer-only stations (blue).

Most of these stations have people living and working there all year. As of 2023, 55 countries have research stations in Antarctica. The number of people at these stations changes with the seasons. In the summer, there are about 4,800 people, but this drops to around 1,200 in the winter. Each summer, about 30 special field camps are set up to help with science projects.

History

First bases

The first base on Antarctica of Carstens Borchgrevink's Southern Cross Expedition (1899). The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on Cape Adare, the cape where in 1895 Borchgrevnik participated in the first documented landing on Antarctica.

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were set up. In 1898, explorer Carsten Borchgrevink led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he built the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is now called the Southern Cross Expedition. Most of the team were Norwegian, but the money came from Britain. The expedition's hut is still in good shape and is often visited by tourists.

The hut was later used by a group led by Victor Campbell in 1911. They were part of an attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf.

In 1903, William S. Bruce led the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition to Antarctica. One goal was to set up a weather station. After not finding land, Bruce decided to go to Laurie Island in the South Orkneys. The islands were a good spot for a weather station, and they were close to South America. Bruce set up a full program of work, including weather checks, collecting sea samples, and gathering plants and rocks.

"Omond House", the oldest permanent base on an Antarctic island, constructed in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, which is today Orcadas Base

The main job during this time was building a stone house called "Omond House". It was made from local stones without using any special tools or cement. The house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, and could hold six people. Bruce later offered to give the station and tools to Argentina if they agreed to keep doing science there.

Expansion

Little happened for the next forty years.

Orcadas Base, c. 1927

The United States, led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd, built five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have since drifted away on icebergs.

Before the Second World War, German planes dropped markers across Queen Maud Land to try to claim the land (New Swabia).

In 1943, Britain started Operation Tabarin to set up a presence on the continent. The main goal was to strengthen British claims on some islands and parts of Antarctica, especially because Argentina supported Germany.

Discovery Hut (1902) at Hut Point Peninsula of Ross Island, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background, McMurdo Station, the largest on Antarctica today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV American Tern of Operation Deep Freeze 2007.

Led by Lieutenant James Marr, a team of 14 left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby and HMS Fitzroy, on January 29, 1944. Marr had gone on an earlier Antarctic trip with explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton. They set up bases near the old Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, at Port Lockroy on the coast of Graham Land, and at Hope Bay in 1945. These were the first permanent bases built on the main part of Antarctica.

After the war, many countries set up more research stations. Chile started its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. The UK's Signy Research Station was set up in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, and Dumont d'Urville Station was built by France in 1956. In 1956, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

The Antarctic Treaty

Main article: Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty was signed on December 1, 1959, by 12 countries. It says that science work in Antarctica can continue, but all findings must be shared. The treaty also says Antarctica can only be used for peaceful reasons and that things like mining are not allowed. So, only science research can be done there. As more countries set up research stations, more joined the treaty. By 2023, 56 countries were part of it, and 55 of them use their rights to run research stations in Antarctica. Some countries have claimed parts of Antarctica, planning to do more research there in the future. But research stations have also been set up in areas claimed by other countries.

Permanent active stations

Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. These stations are always staffed by people who live there year-round. The United States has the southernmost base, called Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base, McMurdo Station. Other countries also have important stations, like China’s Kunlun Station and Russia’s Vostok Station.

Subantarctic stations

The sub-Antarctic zone is a special area in the Southern Hemisphere, located just north of Antarctica.

Name	Location	Country	Administration	Year est.	Max. pers.	Summer pop.	Winter pop.	UTC offset	Mean annual temp. (°C)
Amundsen–Scott South Pole	Geographical South Pole	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1957	153	150	49	+12	−49.5
Arctowski	King George Island	Poland	Polish Academy of Sciences	1977	40	40	16	−3	−1.6
Artigas	King George Island	Uruguay	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	1984	60	9	8	−3	−0.9
Arturo Prat	Greenwich Island	Chile	Chilean Navy	1947	30	30	8	−3	−2.0
Belgrano II	Coats Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1979	20	24	19	−3	−13.3
Bellingshausen	King George Island	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1968	40	40	20	−3	−2.3
Bharati	Larsemann Hills	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	2012	47	46	23	+5:30	−10.2
Carlini	King George Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	80	80	29	−3	−1.6
Casey	Vincennes Bay	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1957	99	99	21	+8	−5.9
Comandante Ferraz	King George Island	Brazil	Brazilian Antarctic Program	1984	64	35	15	−3	−1.8
Concordia	Dome C, Antarctic Plateau	Italy France	National Antarctic Research Program, IPEV	2005	80	70	13	+8	−51.7
Davis	Princess Elizabeth Land	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1957	91	91	17	+7	−7.3
Dumont d'Urville	Adélie Land	France	IPEV	1956	90	90	24	+10	−11.1
Eco-Nelson	Nelson Island	Czech Republic	Czech Antarctic Foundation	1988	8	5	5	−3	−2.3
Eduardo Frei and Villa Las Estrellas	King George Island	Chile	Chilean Air Force	1969	150	150	80	−3	−2.3
Escudero	King George Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1995	90	60	2	−3	−2.3
Esperanza	Hope Bay	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	90	116	56	−3	−4.6
GARS	Cape Legoupil	Germany	German Aerospace Center	1991	10			-3	−3.9
General Bernardo O'Higgins	Cape Legoupil	Chile	Chilean Army	1948	60	52	24	−3	−3.9
Great Wall	King George Island	China	Polar Research Institute of China	1985	60	60	13	−3	−2.5
Halley	Brunt Ice Shelf	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	2013	52	70	17	−3	−18.5
Jang Bogo	Terra Nova Bay	South Korea	Korea Polar Research Institute	2014	62	62	23	+11	−15.1
King Sejong	King George Island	South Korea	Korea Polar Research Institute	1988	68	68	22	−3	−1.8
Maitri	Schirmacher Oasis	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	1989	65	45	25	+5:30	−9.7
Marambio	Marambio Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1969	165	165	70	−3	−8.1
Mawson	Mac Robertson Land	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1954	53	53	15	+6	−8.3
McMurdo	Ross Island	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1956	1,200	1,000	153	+12	−17.3
Mirny	Davis Sea	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1956	50	50	25	+6	−11.3
Neumayer III	Atka Bay	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	2009	60	60	9	0	−16.0
Novolazarevskaya	Queen Maud Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1961	70	70	40	0	−10.3
Orcadas	Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino, Argentine Navy	1903	65	35	17	−3	−3.0
Palmer	Anvers Island	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1968	46	44	13	−3	−1.8
Progress	Prydz Bay	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1988	50	50	25	−5	−9.4
Qinling	Inexpressible Island, Terra Nova Bay	China	Polar Research Institute of China	2024	80	80	30	+12
Rothera	Adelaide Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1975	136	160	27	−3	−5.3
San Martín	Barry Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1951	21	19	21	−3	−4.6
SANAE IV	Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1997	80	110	15	+2	−16.5
Scott Base	Ross Island	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1957	86	78	11	+12	−19.6
Showa	East Ongul Island	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1957	130	170	40	+3	−10.5
Troll	Queen Maud Land	Norway	Norwegian Polar Institute	1990	70	45	7	0	−18.0
Vernadsky	Galindez Island	Ukraine	National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine	1994	24	30	12	−3	−3.3
Vostok	Antarctic Ice Sheet	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1957	30	30	15	+6	−55.2
Zhongshan	Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay	China	Polar Research Institute of China	1989	60	60	17	+7	−11.2

Name	Location	Country	Administration	Year est.	Summer pop.	Winter pop.	UTC offset	Mean annual temp. (°C)
Alfred Faure	Île de la Possession	France	French Polar Institute	1963	45	24	+5	5.3
Bird	Bird Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1957	10	4	−2	−0.2
Campbell	Campbell Island	New Zealand	MetService	1946	0	0	+12	7.0
Gough	Gough Island	South Africa	South African Weather Service	1956	10	10	0	11.5
King Edward Point	King Edward Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1950	22	12	−2	1.6
Macquarie	Macquarie Island	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1911	40	16	+10	4.9
Marion	Prince Edward Islands	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1948	18	18	+3	5.5
Norvegia	Bouvet Island	Norway	Norwegian Polar Institute	1927	6	0		-1
Port-aux-Français	Kerguelen Islands	France	French Polar Institute	1963	120	45	+5	5.2

Summer-only active stations

Name	Location	Country	Admin.	Year est.	Max. pers.	Summer pop.	UTC offset	Mean annual temp. (°C)
Aboa	Queen Maud Land	Finland	Finnish Antarctic Research Program	1988	17	13		−15.3
Brown	Paradise Harbor	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1951	12	12	−3	−2.4
Cámara	Half Moon Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	22	20	−3	−2.4
Carvajal	Adelaide Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1984	46	46		−9.8
Collins	Fildes Peninsula	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	2006		6
Dallmann	Carlini Station	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1994	16	16		−2.4
Deception	Deception Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1948	36	18	−3	−3.0
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory	Rothera Station	Netherlands	British Antarctic Survey, Netherlands Polar Programme	2013	10	10		−5.0
Dobrowolski	Bunger Hills, Wilkes Land	Poland	Polish Academy of Sciences	1959	10	10		−9.1
Elichiribehety	Hope Bay	Uruguay	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	1945	8	7		−4.8
Gabriel de Castilla	Deception Island	Spain	Spanish National Research Council	1989	36	33		−0.7
Gondwana	Transantarctic Mountains	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1983
González Videla	Waterboat Point, Graham Land	Chile	Chilean Air Force	1951	15	15		−6.7
Guillermo Mann	Cape Shirreff	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1991	8	8		0.4
Jinnah	Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land	Pakistan	Pakistan Antarctic Programme	1991
Juan Carlos I	South Bay, Livingston Island	Spain	Spanish National Research Council	1988	50	27	−3	−1.2
Julio Ripamonti	Ardley Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1982		4	-3
Kohnen	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	2001	28	6		−42.2
Kunlun	Dome A	China	Polar Research Institute of China	2009	26	26		−51.4
Law-Racoviță-Negoiță	Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land	Romania	Romanian Polar Research Institute	1986		13
Lenie	Admiralty Bay	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1985		2
Machu Picchu	Admiralty Bay, King George Island	Peru	Instituto Antártico Peruano	1989	30	30		−2.1
Maldonado	Greenwich Island	Ecuador	Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano	1990	34	32
Matienzo	Graham Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1961	12	12	−3	−5.0
Melchior	Melchior Islands	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1947	15	12	−3	−2.9
Mendel	James Ross Island	Czech Republic	Masaryk University	2007	20	20		−6.8
Molodyozhnaya	Thala Hills, East Antarctica	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1962	15	15		−11.0
Petrel	Dundee Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1967	45	25	−3	−7.1
Port Lockroy	Goudier Island	United Kingdom	United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust	1944		4
Primavera	Graham Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1977	18	18	−3	−3.0
Princess Elisabeth	Queen Maud Land	Belgium	International Polar Foundation	2007	40	22		−18.0
Risopatrón	Robert Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1949		6		−2.3
Shirreff	Cape Shirreff	United States	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	1996		6
Signy	Signy Island, South Orkney Islands	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	8	14		−2.1
Sobral	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1965	7	6	−3
St. Kliment Ohridski	Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island	Bulgaria	Bulgarian Antarctic Institute	1988	22	22	−3	−1.0
Svea	Queen Maud Land	Sweden	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	1988		5
Taishan	Princess Elizabeth Land	China	Polar Research Institute of China	2014	20	20		−30.3
TARS	Horseshoe Island	Turkey	Turkish Polar Research Program	2019	50	26
Tor	Queen Maud Land	Norway	Norwegian Polar Institute	1993		7
Union Glacier	Union Glacier	Chile	Chilean Army, Chilean Navy, Chilean Air Force, Instituto Antártico Chileno	2014		70	−3
Vechernyaya	Mount Vechernyaya, Thala Hills	Belarus	National Academy of Sciences of Belarus	2007	7	7
Wasa	Queen Maud Land	Sweden	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	1989	20	13		−15.3
Yelcho	South Bay, Doumer Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1962	28	28		2.0
Zucchelli	Terra Nova Bay	Italy	National Antarctic Research Program, ENEA, CNR	1986	120	120	+12	−14.0

Maps of active stations

↑
Chile

↑
South Africa

↑
India

New Zealand
↑

!Jinnah

!Svea

!Sobral

!Tor

!Dobrowolski

!Signy

!Law-Racoviță

!Kohnen

!Taishan

!Kunlun

!Molodyozhnaya, Vechernyaya

Molodyozhnaya, Vechernyaya

!Elisabeth

!Nordenskiöld

!Union Glacier

!Zucchelli, Gondwana

!Bird

Bird

!King Edward Point

King Edward Point

!Belgrano

Belgrano

!Vostok

Vostok

!Orcadas

Orcadas

!Mawson

Mawson

!Troll

Troll

!Mirny

Mirny

!Neumayer

Neumayer

!Halley

Halley

!Concordia

Concordia

!Qinling, Jang Bogo

Qinling, Jang Bogo

!Davis

Davis

!Dumont d'Urville

Dumont d'Urville

!SANAE

SANAE

!Casey

Casey

!Novolazarevskaya,Maitri

Novolazarevskaya,
Maitri

!Showa

Showa

!Amundsen–Scott

Amundsen–Scott

!Progress,Bharati,Zhongshan

Progress,
Bharati,
Zhongshan

!McMurdo, Scott

McMurdo, Scott

Active research stations in Antarctica, except the Antarctic Peninsula. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Southern Ocean

South Shetland Islands

!ECARE

!Gerritsz

!Matienzo

!Melchior

!Primavera

!Mendel

!Videla,Brown

!Yelcho, Lockroy

!Petrel

!TARS

!Carvajal

!San Martín

San Martín

!Vernadsky

Vernadsky

!Palmer

Palmer

!O'Higgins

O'Higgins

!Esperanza

Esperanza

!Rothera

Rothera

!Marambio

Marambio

Active research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, except the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Peninsula

!Research stations in Antarctica

!Risopatrón

Risopatrón

!Mann, Shirreff

Mann, Shirreff

!Cámara

Cámara

!Research stations in Antarctica

!Maldonado

Maldonado

!Juan Carlos, Ohridski

Juan Carlos, Ohridski

!Castilla, Deception

Castilla, Deception

!Eco-Nelson

Eco-Nelson

!Prat

Prat

!Arctowski

Arctowski

!Ferraz

Ferraz

!Sejong

Sejong

!Carlini

Carlini

!Frei,Bellingshausen,Escudero,Artigas,GreatWall

Frei,
Bellingshausen,
Escudero,
Artigas,
Great
Wall

Active research stations in the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Inactive stations

Name	Location	Country	Admin.	Year est.	Type	UTC offset	Mean annual temp. (°C)	Year closed	Status
Aguirre Cerda	Deception Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1955	Summer			1967	Destroyed
Arturo Parodi	Ellsworth Land	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1999	Summer			2014	Dismantled
Asuka	Queen Maud Land	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1985	Summer			1992	Closed, under snow
Belgrano I	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1955	Permanent	−3		1980	Abandoned, lost
Belgrano III	Berkner Island	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1980	Permanent	−3		1984	Abandoned
Borga	Borg Massif	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1969	Summer			1976	Closed
Brockton	Ross Ice Shelf	United States	United States Navy	1965	Summer			1972	Abandoned
Byrd	Marie Byrd Land	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1957	Summer		−28.1	2005	Abandoned
Charcot	Adélie Land	France	French Polar Institute	1957	Permanent			1959	Closed, abandoned
Dakshin Gangotri	Dakshin Gangotri Glacier	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	1984	Permanent			1990	Closed, support base
Dome Fuji	Queen Maud Land	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1995	Summer		−54.3	2019	Closed
Drescher	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1986	Summer			2016	Closed
Druzhba	Zavadovskiy Island	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1960	Winter			1960	Closed
Druzhnaya I	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1975	Summer			1986	Closed, lost
Druzhnaya II	Lassiter Coast	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1982	Summer			1986	Closed
Druzhnaya III	Queen Maud Land	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1982	Summer			1991	Closed
Druzhnaya IV	Princess Elizabeth Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1987	Summer			2013	Closed
East Base	Stonington Island	United States	United States Antarctic Service Expedition	1941	Permanent			1948	Closed
Eights	Ellsworth Land	United States	National Science Foundation	1963	Permanent			1965	Closed
Ellsworth	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	United States Argentina	United States Navy, Instituto Antártico Argentino	1957	Permanent		−22	1962	Closed, lost
Faraday	Galindez Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	Permanent		−3.3	1996	Closed, became Vernadsky
Filchner	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1982	Summer			1999	Abandoned, lost
Georg Forster	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1976	Permanent			1993	Dismantled
Georg von Neumayer	Princess Martha Coast	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1981	Permanent			1993	Closed, sunk in ice
Giacomo Bove	Italia Valley	Italy	Renato Cepparo Expedition	1976	Summer			1976	Closed, sabotaged
Hallett	Hallett Peninsula	United States New Zealand	International Geophysical Year	1956	Summer			1973	Dismantled
King Baudouin	Princess Ragnhild Coast	Belgium Netherlands	National Center for Polar Research	1958	Permanent			1967	Closed, abandoned
Komsomolskaya	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	1957	Permanent		−52	1962	Abandoned
Lazarev	Lazarev Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1959	Permanent			1961	Closed, abandoned
Leningradskaya	Oates Coast, Victoria Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1971	Summer		−14.2	2008	Closed
Little America	Ross Ice Shelf	United States	United States Navy	1929	Permanent		−22	1987	Lost
Little Rockford	Marie Byrd Land	United States	United States Navy	1958	Summer			1965	Closed, abandoned
Maudheim	Queen Maud Land	Norway Sweden United Kingdom	Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition	1950	Permanent			1952	Closed
Mir	Drygalski Island	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1960	Winter			1960	Closed
Mizuho	Mizuho Plateau	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1970	Summer			1987	Closed
Neumayer II	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1992	Permanent			2009	Dismantled
Norway	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Norway South Africa	Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition	1957	Permanent			1960	Closed
Oazis 2	Bunger Hills	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1987	Summer			1995	Closed
Pionérskaya	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1956	Permanent		−38	1959	Closed
Plateau	Queen Maud Land	United States	United States Navy, National Science Foundation	1965	Permanent		−56.7	1969	Closed
Pobeda	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1960	Summer			1960	Abandoned, lost
Pole of Inaccessibility	Kemp Land	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1958	Summer		−58.2	1958	Closed
Port Martin	Cape Margerie	France	French Antarctic Expedition	1950	Permanent			1952	Partly destroyed in a fire, closed
Russkaya	Marie Byrd Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1980	Summer	−6	−12.4	1990	Closed
SANAE I	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1960	Permanent			1963	Closed, abandoned
SANAE II	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1971	Permanent			1979	Closed, abandoned
SANAE III	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1979	Permanent			1997	Closed, abandoned
Sarie Marais	Ahlmann Ridge	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1982	Summer			2001	Closed, decommissioned
Siple	Ellsworth Land	United States	Stanford University's STAR Lab	1973	Summer			1988	Closed
Sodruzhestvo	Amery Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1971	Summer			1974	Closed
Sovetskaya	Kaiser Wilhelm II Land	Soviet Union	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	1958	Permanent			1959	Closed, abandoned
Soyuz	Prince Charles Mountains	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1982	Permanent	+5		2007	Closed
Station B	Deception Island	United Kingdom	Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition	1944	Permanent			1969	Closed, abandoned
Station C	Cape Geddes	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1946	Summer			1947	Closed, abandoned
Station D	Hope Bay	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1945	Permanent			1964	Closed, became ECARE
Station E	Stonington Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1946	Permanent			1975	Closed
Station G	Admiralty Bay	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	Permanent			1961	Closed, demolished
Station J	Prospect Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1957	Permanent			1959	Closed, removed
Station N	Anvers Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1955	Permanent			1971	Destroyed in a fire, demolished
Station O	Danco Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1956	Permanent			1959	Closed, demolished
Station T	Adelaide Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1961	Permanent			1977	Closed, became Carvajal
Station V	View Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1953	Permanent			1963	Closed, became Jorge Boonen
Station W	Detaille Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1956	Permanent			1959	Closed
Station Y	Horseshoe Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1955	Permanent			1960	Closed
Vanda	Victoria Land	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1969	Summer		−19.7	1995	Closed
Vostok I	East Antarctica	Soviet Union	Russian Academy of Sciences	1957	Permanent			1957	Closed, abandoned
Weddell 1	Weddell Sea	Russia United States	Russian Antarctic Expedition, National Science Foundation	1992	Summer			1992	Evacuated
Wilkes	Clark Peninsula	United States Australia	United States Navy Australian Antarctic Division	1957	Permanent	+8		1969	Closed, partially abandoned
World Park	Cape Evans	International	Greenpeace	1987	Permanent			1991	Dismantled